Journal of Veterinary and Applied Sciences

Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have transformed livestock production by enabling precise control over gamete manipulation, fertilization and embryo development, accelerating genetic gain, and enhancing herd health. From artificial insemination (AI) to multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro fertilization (IVF), ovum pick-up (OPU), cryopreservation, genomic selection and gene editing, ARTs provide unprecedented capacity to optimize breeding outcomes and disseminate superior genetics. This review highlights the physiological foundations of reproduction and identifies the specific points where ART interventions can maximize fertility. Evidence demonstrates that species-specific reproductive traits, animal age, body condition and breed influence ART success, underscoring the need for tailored strategies. Integration with precision livestock farming and digital monitoring enhances oestrus detection, reproductive decision-making and biosecurity, while minimizing labour and improving welfare outcomes. Key takeaways include the identification of optimal intervention points for hormonal and embryo-based technologies, the critical role of genomics and molecular tools in accelerating genetic improvement, and the value of biosecurity and welfare safeguards for sustainable implementation. Adoption of ART must balance productivity gains with economic feasibility, ethical considerations and environmental sustainability. By synthesizing biological, technological and management dimensions, this review emphasizes that ARTs are not merely productivity tools but strategic instruments for resilient, efficient and sustainable livestock systems. The insights provided can guide veterinarians, breeders and policymakers in optimizing ART application, advancing global food security, and conserving valuable genetic resources.

Keywords: Assisted reproductive technologies; Livestock reproduction, Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET); In vitro fertilization (IVF); Precision livestock farming.

How to cite this article:
Njoga UJ (2026). Assisted reproductive technologies in livestock production and veterinary medicine: Biological foundations, innovations and field applications – A review. Journal of Veterinary and Applied Sciences, 16(1): 1468 – 1482.

*Correspondence: E-mail: ugochinyere.njoga@unn.edu.ng Phone: +2347035386831